CLIMATE HEAT EXPOSURE AND ADVERSE PREGNANCY OUTCOMES IN PAKISTAN

Abstract

Climate change and rising ambient temperatures pose significant risks to maternal and neonatal health, particularly in climate-vulnerable countries such as Pakistan. This study examined the association between maternal heat exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes, focusing on preterm birth, low birth weight, stillbirth, and hypertensive disorders. A quantitative retrospective cohort design was proposed, using maternal health records linked with historical meteorological data. The analysis framework included descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, trimester-specific exposure assessment, and moderation analysis to examine the roles of socioeconomic vulnerability and maternal healthcare access. The results suggested positive associations between heatwave exposure and preterm birth, low birth weight, and hypertensive disorders, with potentially stronger associations during the third trimester. Socioeconomic vulnerability appeared to intensify these relationships, whereas better healthcare access potentially reduced associated risks. The study highlights the importance of integrating climate-related risk assessment into maternal healthcare services and national climate adaptation strategies. It provides a framework for identifying vulnerable populations and developing targeted heat-protection interventions in Pakistan. However, these findings remain hypothetical and require validation through actual clinical and meteorological data.